US Market Strategy

TotalReturn:

'The total return on a portfolio of investments takes into account not only the capital appreciation on the portfolio, but also the income received on the portfolio. The income typically consists of interest, dividends, and securities lending fees. This contrasts with the price return, which takes into account only the capital gain on an investment.'

• Compared with the benchmark DIA (78.4%) in the period of the last 5 years, the total return, or increase in value of 78.9% of US Market Strategy is larger, thus better.
• Looking at total return, or increase in value in of 54.2% in the period of the last 3 years, we see it is relatively lower, thus worse in comparison to DIA (56.6%).

CAGR:

'Compound annual growth rate (CAGR) is a business and investing specific term for the geometric progression ratio that provides a constant rate of return over the time period. CAGR is not an accounting term, but it is often used to describe some element of the business, for example revenue, units delivered, registered users, etc. CAGR dampens the effect of volatility of periodic returns that can render arithmetic means irrelevant. It is particularly useful to compare growth rates from various data sets of common domain such as revenue growth of companies in the same industry.'

• Looking at the annual return (CAGR) of 12.4% in the last 5 years of US Market Strategy, we see it is relatively higher, thus better in comparison to the benchmark DIA (12.3%)
• During the last 3 years, the annual performance (CAGR) is 15.6%, which is smaller, thus worse than the value of 16.3% from the benchmark.

Volatility:

'Volatility is a rate at which the price of a security increases or decreases for a given set of returns. Volatility is measured by calculating the standard deviation of the annualized returns over a given period of time. It shows the range to which the price of a security may increase or decrease. Volatility measures the risk of a security. It is used in option pricing formula to gauge the fluctuations in the returns of the underlying assets. Volatility indicates the pricing behavior of the security and helps estimate the fluctuations that may happen in a short period of time.'

• Looking at the historical 30 days volatility of 7.8% in the last 5 years of US Market Strategy, we see it is relatively lower, thus better in comparison to the benchmark DIA (15%)
• During the last 3 years, the historical 30 days volatility is 7.9%, which is lower, thus better than the value of 14.4% from the benchmark.

DownVol:

'Risk measures typically quantify the downside risk, whereas the standard deviation (an example of a deviation risk measure) measures both the upside and downside risk. Specifically, downside risk in our definition is the semi-deviation, that is the standard deviation of all negative returns.'

• The downside deviation over 5 years of US Market Strategy is 5.3%, which is smaller, thus better compared to the benchmark DIA (10.3%) in the same period.
• Compared with DIA (9.4%) in the period of the last 3 years, the downside deviation of 5.4% is lower, thus better.

Sharpe:

'The Sharpe ratio (also known as the Sharpe index, the Sharpe measure, and the reward-to-variability ratio) is a way to examine the performance of an investment by adjusting for its risk. The ratio measures the excess return (or risk premium) per unit of deviation in an investment asset or a trading strategy, typically referred to as risk, named after William F. Sharpe.'

• Compared with the benchmark DIA (0.65) in the period of the last 5 years, the ratio of return and volatility (Sharpe) of 1.27 of US Market Strategy is greater, thus better.
• Compared with DIA (0.95) in the period of the last 3 years, the ratio of return and volatility (Sharpe) of 1.66 is greater, thus better.

Sortino:

'The Sortino ratio improves upon the Sharpe ratio by isolating downside volatility from total volatility by dividing excess return by the downside deviation. The Sortino ratio is a variation of the Sharpe ratio that differentiates harmful volatility from total overall volatility by using the asset's standard deviation of negative asset returns, called downside deviation. The Sortino ratio takes the asset's return and subtracts the risk-free rate, and then divides that amount by the asset's downside deviation. The ratio was named after Frank A. Sortino.'

• The excess return divided by the downside deviation over 5 years of US Market Strategy is 1.85, which is larger, thus better compared to the benchmark DIA (0.95) in the same period.
• During the last 3 years, the excess return divided by the downside deviation is 2.45, which is higher, thus better than the value of 1.46 from the benchmark.

Ulcer:

'Ulcer Index is a method for measuring investment risk that addresses the real concerns of investors, unlike the widely used standard deviation of return. UI is a measure of the depth and duration of drawdowns in prices from earlier highs. Using Ulcer Index instead of standard deviation can lead to very different conclusions about investment risk and risk-adjusted return, especially when evaluating strategies that seek to avoid major declines in portfolio value (market timing, dynamic asset allocation, hedge funds, etc.). The Ulcer Index was originally developed in 1987. Since then, it has been widely recognized and adopted by the investment community. According to Nelson Freeburg, editor of Formula Research, Ulcer Index is “perhaps the most fully realized statistical portrait of risk there is.'

• Looking at the Ulcer Index of 2.48 in the last 5 years of US Market Strategy, we see it is relatively lower, thus better in comparison to the benchmark DIA (5.95 )
• Compared with DIA (3.62 ) in the period of the last 3 years, the Downside risk index of 1.51 is lower, thus better.

MaxDD:

'Maximum drawdown measures the loss in any losing period during a fund’s investment record. It is defined as the percent retrenchment from a fund’s peak value to the fund’s valley value. The drawdown is in effect from the time the fund’s retrenchment begins until a new fund high is reached. The maximum drawdown encompasses both the period from the fund’s peak to the fund’s valley (length), and the time from the fund’s valley to a new fund high (recovery). It measures the largest percentage drawdown that has occurred in any fund’s data record.'

• Compared with the benchmark DIA (-20.8 days) in the period of the last 5 years, the maximum DrawDown of -9.2 days of US Market Strategy is greater, thus better.
• Compared with DIA (-16 days) in the period of the last 3 years, the maximum drop from peak to valley of -6.8 days is greater, thus better.

MaxDuration:

'The Maximum Drawdown Duration is an extension of the Maximum Drawdown. However, this metric does not explain the drawdown in dollars or percentages, rather in days, weeks, or months. It is the length of time the account was in the Max Drawdown. A Max Drawdown measures a retrenchment from when an equity curve reaches a new high. It’s the maximum an account lost during that retrenchment. This method is applied because a valley can’t be measured until a new high occurs. Once the new high is reached, the percentage change from the old high to the bottom of the largest trough is recorded.'

• Compared with the benchmark DIA (477 days) in the period of the last 5 years, the maximum time in days below previous high water mark of 261 days of US Market Strategy is lower, thus better.
• During the last 3 years, the maximum days below previous high is 77 days, which is lower, thus better than the value of 142 days from the benchmark.

AveDuration:

'The Drawdown Duration is the length of any peak to peak period, or the time between new equity highs. The Avg Drawdown Duration is the average amount of time an investment has seen between peaks (equity highs), or in other terms the average of time under water of all drawdowns. So in contrast to the Maximum duration it does not measure only one drawdown event but calculates the average of all.'

• The average days under water over 5 years of US Market Strategy is 47 days, which is lower, thus better compared to the benchmark DIA (116 days) in the same period.
• Compared with DIA (39 days) in the period of the last 3 years, the average days below previous high of 15 days is smaller, thus better.