Linde plc - Ordinary (LIN)

TotalReturn:

'Total return is the amount of value an investor earns from a security over a specific period, typically one year, when all distributions are reinvested. Total return is expressed as a percentage of the amount invested. For example, a total return of 20% means the security increased by 20% of its original value due to a price increase, distribution of dividends (if a stock), coupons (if a bond) or capital gains (if a fund). Total return is a strong measure of an investment’s overall performance.'

• The total return over 5 years of Linde plc - Ordinary is 180.6%, which is greater, thus better compared to the benchmark SPY (109.6%) in the same period.
• Looking at total return, or increase in value in of 69.2% in the period of the last 3 years, we see it is relatively greater, thus better in comparison to SPY (37.7%).

CAGR:

'Compound annual growth rate (CAGR) is a business and investing specific term for the geometric progression ratio that provides a constant rate of return over the time period. CAGR is not an accounting term, but it is often used to describe some element of the business, for example revenue, units delivered, registered users, etc. CAGR dampens the effect of volatility of periodic returns that can render arithmetic means irrelevant. It is particularly useful to compare growth rates from various data sets of common domain such as revenue growth of companies in the same industry.'

• Looking at the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 23% in the last 5 years of Linde plc - Ordinary, we see it is relatively higher, thus better in comparison to the benchmark SPY (16%)
• During the last 3 years, the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) is 19.3%, which is higher, thus better than the value of 11.3% from the benchmark.

Volatility:

'Volatility is a rate at which the price of a security increases or decreases for a given set of returns. Volatility is measured by calculating the standard deviation of the annualized returns over a given period of time. It shows the range to which the price of a security may increase or decrease. Volatility measures the risk of a security. It is used in option pricing formula to gauge the fluctuations in the returns of the underlying assets. Volatility indicates the pricing behavior of the security and helps estimate the fluctuations that may happen in a short period of time.'

• The historical 30 days volatility over 5 years of Linde plc - Ordinary is 25.1%, which is larger, thus worse compared to the benchmark SPY (20.2%) in the same period.
• Compared with SPY (17.1%) in the period of the last 3 years, the 30 days standard deviation of 20.6% is larger, thus worse.

DownVol:

'Downside risk is the financial risk associated with losses. That is, it is the risk of the actual return being below the expected return, or the uncertainty about the magnitude of that difference. Risk measures typically quantify the downside risk, whereas the standard deviation (an example of a deviation risk measure) measures both the upside and downside risk. Specifically, downside risk in our definition is the semi-deviation, that is the standard deviation of all negative returns.'

• Compared with the benchmark SPY (14.3%) in the period of the last 5 years, the downside risk of 16.8% of Linde plc - Ordinary is greater, thus worse.
• During the last 3 years, the downside deviation is 13.9%, which is higher, thus worse than the value of 12% from the benchmark.

Sharpe:

'The Sharpe ratio is the measure of risk-adjusted return of a financial portfolio. Sharpe ratio is a measure of excess portfolio return over the risk-free rate relative to its standard deviation. Normally, the 90-day Treasury bill rate is taken as the proxy for risk-free rate. A portfolio with a higher Sharpe ratio is considered superior relative to its peers. The measure was named after William F Sharpe, a Nobel laureate and professor of finance, emeritus at Stanford University.'

• Looking at the ratio of return and volatility (Sharpe) of 0.82 in the last 5 years of Linde plc - Ordinary, we see it is relatively higher, thus better in comparison to the benchmark SPY (0.67)
• Compared with SPY (0.52) in the period of the last 3 years, the Sharpe Ratio of 0.82 is larger, thus better.

Sortino:

'The Sortino ratio improves upon the Sharpe ratio by isolating downside volatility from total volatility by dividing excess return by the downside deviation. The Sortino ratio is a variation of the Sharpe ratio that differentiates harmful volatility from total overall volatility by using the asset's standard deviation of negative asset returns, called downside deviation. The Sortino ratio takes the asset's return and subtracts the risk-free rate, and then divides that amount by the asset's downside deviation. The ratio was named after Frank A. Sortino.'

• Compared with the benchmark SPY (0.94) in the period of the last 5 years, the downside risk / excess return profile of 1.22 of Linde plc - Ordinary is higher, thus better.
• Compared with SPY (0.74) in the period of the last 3 years, the downside risk / excess return profile of 1.2 is greater, thus better.

Ulcer:

'Ulcer Index is a method for measuring investment risk that addresses the real concerns of investors, unlike the widely used standard deviation of return. UI is a measure of the depth and duration of drawdowns in prices from earlier highs. Using Ulcer Index instead of standard deviation can lead to very different conclusions about investment risk and risk-adjusted return, especially when evaluating strategies that seek to avoid major declines in portfolio value (market timing, dynamic asset allocation, hedge funds, etc.). The Ulcer Index was originally developed in 1987. Since then, it has been widely recognized and adopted by the investment community. According to Nelson Freeburg, editor of Formula Research, Ulcer Index is “perhaps the most fully realized statistical portrait of risk there is.'

• Looking at the Ulcer Index of 7.23 in the last 5 years of Linde plc - Ordinary, we see it is relatively lower, thus better in comparison to the benchmark SPY (8.43 )
• Compared with SPY (8.59 ) in the period of the last 3 years, the Downside risk index of 7.09 is smaller, thus better.

MaxDD:

'Maximum drawdown measures the loss in any losing period during a fund’s investment record. It is defined as the percent retrenchment from a fund’s peak value to the fund’s valley value. The drawdown is in effect from the time the fund’s retrenchment begins until a new fund high is reached. The maximum drawdown encompasses both the period from the fund’s peak to the fund’s valley (length), and the time from the fund’s valley to a new fund high (recovery). It measures the largest percentage drawdown that has occurred in any fund’s data record.'

• Compared with the benchmark SPY (-24.5 days) in the period of the last 5 years, the maximum reduction from previous high of -22.8 days of Linde plc - Ordinary is larger, thus better.
• During the last 3 years, the maximum DrawDown is -21 days, which is greater, thus better than the value of -22.1 days from the benchmark.

MaxDuration:

'The Drawdown Duration is the length of any peak to peak period, or the time between new equity highs. The Max Drawdown Duration is the worst (the maximum/longest) amount of time an investment has seen between peaks (equity highs) in days.'

• Compared with the benchmark SPY (488 days) in the period of the last 5 years, the maximum days below previous high of 225 days of Linde plc - Ordinary is lower, thus better.
• Compared with SPY (325 days) in the period of the last 3 years, the maximum days below previous high of 117 days is smaller, thus better.

AveDuration:

'The Drawdown Duration is the length of any peak to peak period, or the time between new equity highs. The Avg Drawdown Duration is the average amount of time an investment has seen between peaks (equity highs), or in other terms the average of time under water of all drawdowns. So in contrast to the Maximum duration it does not measure only one drawdown event but calculates the average of all.'

• Looking at the average days under water of 42 days in the last 5 years of Linde plc - Ordinary, we see it is relatively lower, thus better in comparison to the benchmark SPY (118 days)
• Looking at average time in days below previous high water mark in of 35 days in the period of the last 3 years, we see it is relatively lower, thus better in comparison to SPY (90 days).