Linde plc - Ordinary (LIN)

TotalReturn:

'Total return, when measuring performance, is the actual rate of return of an investment or a pool of investments over a given evaluation period. Total return includes interest, capital gains, dividends and distributions realized over a given period of time. Total return accounts for two categories of return: income including interest paid by fixed-income investments, distributions or dividends and capital appreciation, representing the change in the market price of an asset.'

• Looking at the total return of 88.5% in the last 5 years of Linde plc - Ordinary, we see it is relatively larger, thus better in comparison to the benchmark SPY (74.4%)
• Looking at total return, or increase in value in of 49.4% in the period of the last 3 years, we see it is relatively smaller, thus worse in comparison to SPY (69.4%).

CAGR:

'The compound annual growth rate isn't a true return rate, but rather a representational figure. It is essentially a number that describes the rate at which an investment would have grown if it had grown the same rate every year and the profits were reinvested at the end of each year. In reality, this sort of performance is unlikely. However, CAGR can be used to smooth returns so that they may be more easily understood when compared to alternative investments.'

• Looking at the annual return (CAGR) of 13.6% in the last 5 years of Linde plc - Ordinary, we see it is relatively larger, thus better in comparison to the benchmark SPY (11.8%)
• Compared with SPY (19.3%) in the period of the last 3 years, the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 14.4% is smaller, thus worse.

Volatility:

'In finance, volatility (symbol σ) is the degree of variation of a trading price series over time as measured by the standard deviation of logarithmic returns. Historic volatility measures a time series of past market prices. Implied volatility looks forward in time, being derived from the market price of a market-traded derivative (in particular, an option). Commonly, the higher the volatility, the riskier the security.'

• Compared with the benchmark SPY (17%) in the period of the last 5 years, the volatility of 20.7% of Linde plc - Ordinary is greater, thus worse.
• During the last 3 years, the historical 30 days volatility is 17.1%, which is larger, thus worse than the value of 15% from the benchmark.

DownVol:

'Risk measures typically quantify the downside risk, whereas the standard deviation (an example of a deviation risk measure) measures both the upside and downside risk. Specifically, downside risk in our definition is the semi-deviation, that is the standard deviation of all negative returns.'

• The downside volatility over 5 years of Linde plc - Ordinary is 14.2%, which is greater, thus worse compared to the benchmark SPY (11.8%) in the same period.
• Looking at downside risk in of 11.9% in the period of the last 3 years, we see it is relatively greater, thus worse in comparison to SPY (10.1%).

Sharpe:

'The Sharpe ratio is the measure of risk-adjusted return of a financial portfolio. Sharpe ratio is a measure of excess portfolio return over the risk-free rate relative to its standard deviation. Normally, the 90-day Treasury bill rate is taken as the proxy for risk-free rate. A portfolio with a higher Sharpe ratio is considered superior relative to its peers. The measure was named after William F Sharpe, a Nobel laureate and professor of finance, emeritus at Stanford University.'

• Looking at the risk / return profile (Sharpe) of 0.54 in the last 5 years of Linde plc - Ordinary, we see it is relatively lower, thus worse in comparison to the benchmark SPY (0.55)
• Compared with SPY (1.12) in the period of the last 3 years, the Sharpe Ratio of 0.7 is lower, thus worse.

Sortino:

'The Sortino ratio improves upon the Sharpe ratio by isolating downside volatility from total volatility by dividing excess return by the downside deviation. The Sortino ratio is a variation of the Sharpe ratio that differentiates harmful volatility from total overall volatility by using the asset's standard deviation of negative asset returns, called downside deviation. The Sortino ratio takes the asset's return and subtracts the risk-free rate, and then divides that amount by the asset's downside deviation. The ratio was named after Frank A. Sortino.'

• Compared with the benchmark SPY (0.79) in the period of the last 5 years, the ratio of annual return and downside deviation of 0.78 of Linde plc - Ordinary is lower, thus worse.
• Looking at ratio of annual return and downside deviation in of 1 in the period of the last 3 years, we see it is relatively lower, thus worse in comparison to SPY (1.66).

Ulcer:

'The Ulcer Index is a technical indicator that measures downside risk, in terms of both the depth and duration of price declines. The index increases in value as the price moves farther away from a recent high and falls as the price rises to new highs. The indicator is usually calculated over a 14-day period, with the Ulcer Index showing the percentage drawdown a trader can expect from the high over that period. The greater the value of the Ulcer Index, the longer it takes for a stock to get back to the former high.'

• Compared with the benchmark SPY (8.43 ) in the period of the last 5 years, the Ulcer Index of 7.53 of Linde plc - Ordinary is lower, thus better.
• Compared with SPY (3.44 ) in the period of the last 3 years, the Ulcer Ratio of 6.07 is higher, thus worse.

MaxDD:

'Maximum drawdown is defined as the peak-to-trough decline of an investment during a specific period. It is usually quoted as a percentage of the peak value. The maximum drawdown can be calculated based on absolute returns, in order to identify strategies that suffer less during market downturns, such as low-volatility strategies. However, the maximum drawdown can also be calculated based on returns relative to a benchmark index, for identifying strategies that show steady outperformance over time.'

• Compared with the benchmark SPY (-24.5 days) in the period of the last 5 years, the maximum DrawDown of -22.8 days of Linde plc - Ordinary is larger, thus better.
• Compared with SPY (-18.8 days) in the period of the last 3 years, the maximum drop from peak to valley of -19.2 days is lower, thus worse.

MaxDuration:

'The Drawdown Duration is the length of any peak to peak period, or the time between new equity highs. The Max Drawdown Duration is the worst (the maximum/longest) amount of time an investment has seen between peaks (equity highs) in days.'

• Compared with the benchmark SPY (488 days) in the period of the last 5 years, the maximum time in days below previous high water mark of 225 days of Linde plc - Ordinary is lower, thus better.
• During the last 3 years, the maximum days under water is 207 days, which is larger, thus worse than the value of 87 days from the benchmark.

AveDuration:

'The Drawdown Duration is the length of any peak to peak period, or the time between new equity highs. The Avg Drawdown Duration is the average amount of time an investment has seen between peaks (equity highs), or in other terms the average of time under water of all drawdowns. So in contrast to the Maximum duration it does not measure only one drawdown event but calculates the average of all.'

• Looking at the average days below previous high of 58 days in the last 5 years of Linde plc - Ordinary, we see it is relatively lower, thus better in comparison to the benchmark SPY (119 days)
• Looking at average time in days below previous high water mark in of 55 days in the period of the last 3 years, we see it is relatively greater, thus worse in comparison to SPY (20 days).