Linde plc - Ordinary (LIN)

TotalReturn:

'Total return, when measuring performance, is the actual rate of return of an investment or a pool of investments over a given evaluation period. Total return includes interest, capital gains, dividends and distributions realized over a given period of time. Total return accounts for two categories of return: income including interest paid by fixed-income investments, distributions or dividends and capital appreciation, representing the change in the market price of an asset.'

• Compared with the benchmark SPY (94.9%) in the period of the last 5 years, the total return, or increase in value of 130% of Linde plc - Ordinary is larger, thus better.
• Compared with SPY (40.7%) in the period of the last 3 years, the total return of 55.5% is larger, thus better.

CAGR:

'The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) is a useful measure of growth over multiple time periods. It can be thought of as the growth rate that gets you from the initial investment value to the ending investment value if you assume that the investment has been compounding over the time period.'

• Looking at the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 18.2% in the last 5 years of Linde plc - Ordinary, we see it is relatively greater, thus better in comparison to the benchmark SPY (14.3%)
• Looking at compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) in of 16% in the period of the last 3 years, we see it is relatively larger, thus better in comparison to SPY (12.1%).

Volatility:

'In finance, volatility (symbol σ) is the degree of variation of a trading price series over time as measured by the standard deviation of logarithmic returns. Historic volatility measures a time series of past market prices. Implied volatility looks forward in time, being derived from the market price of a market-traded derivative (in particular, an option). Commonly, the higher the volatility, the riskier the security.'

• Looking at the historical 30 days volatility of 25.9% in the last 5 years of Linde plc - Ordinary, we see it is relatively greater, thus worse in comparison to the benchmark SPY (21%)
• Compared with SPY (17.3%) in the period of the last 3 years, the historical 30 days volatility of 21.8% is higher, thus worse.

DownVol:

'The downside volatility is similar to the volatility, or standard deviation, but only takes losing/negative periods into account.'

• The downside volatility over 5 years of Linde plc - Ordinary is 17.6%, which is larger, thus worse compared to the benchmark SPY (15%) in the same period.
• During the last 3 years, the downside volatility is 14.8%, which is greater, thus worse than the value of 12.1% from the benchmark.

Sharpe:

'The Sharpe ratio is the measure of risk-adjusted return of a financial portfolio. Sharpe ratio is a measure of excess portfolio return over the risk-free rate relative to its standard deviation. Normally, the 90-day Treasury bill rate is taken as the proxy for risk-free rate. A portfolio with a higher Sharpe ratio is considered superior relative to its peers. The measure was named after William F Sharpe, a Nobel laureate and professor of finance, emeritus at Stanford University.'

• The risk / return profile (Sharpe) over 5 years of Linde plc - Ordinary is 0.61, which is greater, thus better compared to the benchmark SPY (0.56) in the same period.
• Compared with SPY (0.56) in the period of the last 3 years, the risk / return profile (Sharpe) of 0.62 is higher, thus better.

Sortino:

'The Sortino ratio measures the risk-adjusted return of an investment asset, portfolio, or strategy. It is a modification of the Sharpe ratio but penalizes only those returns falling below a user-specified target or required rate of return, while the Sharpe ratio penalizes both upside and downside volatility equally. Though both ratios measure an investment's risk-adjusted return, they do so in significantly different ways that will frequently lead to differing conclusions as to the true nature of the investment's return-generating efficiency. The Sortino ratio is used as a way to compare the risk-adjusted performance of programs with differing risk and return profiles. In general, risk-adjusted returns seek to normalize the risk across programs and then see which has the higher return unit per risk.'

• Compared with the benchmark SPY (0.79) in the period of the last 5 years, the excess return divided by the downside deviation of 0.89 of Linde plc - Ordinary is greater, thus better.
• Compared with SPY (0.8) in the period of the last 3 years, the downside risk / excess return profile of 0.91 is larger, thus better.

Ulcer:

'The ulcer index is a stock market risk measure or technical analysis indicator devised by Peter Martin in 1987, and published by him and Byron McCann in their 1989 book The Investors Guide to Fidelity Funds. It's designed as a measure of volatility, but only volatility in the downward direction, i.e. the amount of drawdown or retracement occurring over a period. Other volatility measures like standard deviation treat up and down movement equally, but a trader doesn't mind upward movement, it's the downside that causes stress and stomach ulcers that the index's name suggests.'

• Compared with the benchmark SPY (9.33 ) in the period of the last 5 years, the Ulcer Ratio of 8.42 of Linde plc - Ordinary is lower, thus better.
• During the last 3 years, the Ulcer Ratio is 7.15 , which is lower, thus better than the value of 8.61 from the benchmark.

MaxDD:

'Maximum drawdown measures the loss in any losing period during a fund’s investment record. It is defined as the percent retrenchment from a fund’s peak value to the fund’s valley value. The drawdown is in effect from the time the fund’s retrenchment begins until a new fund high is reached. The maximum drawdown encompasses both the period from the fund’s peak to the fund’s valley (length), and the time from the fund’s valley to a new fund high (recovery). It measures the largest percentage drawdown that has occurred in any fund’s data record.'

• Looking at the maximum drop from peak to valley of -32.6 days in the last 5 years of Linde plc - Ordinary, we see it is relatively greater, thus better in comparison to the benchmark SPY (-33.7 days)
• Looking at maximum reduction from previous high in of -21 days in the period of the last 3 years, we see it is relatively higher, thus better in comparison to SPY (-22.1 days).

MaxDuration:

'The Drawdown Duration is the length of any peak to peak period, or the time between new equity highs. The Max Drawdown Duration is the worst (the maximum/longest) amount of time an investment has seen between peaks (equity highs) in days.'

• Looking at the maximum time in days below previous high water mark of 225 days in the last 5 years of Linde plc - Ordinary, we see it is relatively lower, thus better in comparison to the benchmark SPY (488 days)
• Compared with SPY (325 days) in the period of the last 3 years, the maximum time in days below previous high water mark of 117 days is smaller, thus better.

AveDuration:

'The Drawdown Duration is the length of any peak to peak period, or the time between new equity highs. The Avg Drawdown Duration is the average amount of time an investment has seen between peaks (equity highs), or in other terms the average of time under water of all drawdowns. So in contrast to the Maximum duration it does not measure only one drawdown event but calculates the average of all.'

• The average days below previous high over 5 years of Linde plc - Ordinary is 44 days, which is lower, thus better compared to the benchmark SPY (121 days) in the same period.
• Looking at average time in days below previous high water mark in of 33 days in the period of the last 3 years, we see it is relatively lower, thus better in comparison to SPY (89 days).