Linde plc - Ordinary (LIN)

TotalReturn:

'Total return is the amount of value an investor earns from a security over a specific period, typically one year, when all distributions are reinvested. Total return is expressed as a percentage of the amount invested. For example, a total return of 20% means the security increased by 20% of its original value due to a price increase, distribution of dividends (if a stock), coupons (if a bond) or capital gains (if a fund). Total return is a strong measure of an investment’s overall performance.'

• Looking at the total return, or performance of 123.2% in the last 5 years of Linde plc - Ordinary, we see it is relatively larger, thus better in comparison to the benchmark SPY (111.6%)
• Looking at total return, or performance in of 78.9% in the period of the last 3 years, we see it is relatively higher, thus better in comparison to SPY (68%).

CAGR:

'The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) is a useful measure of growth over multiple time periods. It can be thought of as the growth rate that gets you from the initial investment value to the ending investment value if you assume that the investment has been compounding over the time period.'

• The compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) over 5 years of Linde plc - Ordinary is 17.5%, which is greater, thus better compared to the benchmark SPY (16.2%) in the same period.
• Looking at annual performance (CAGR) in of 21.5% in the period of the last 3 years, we see it is relatively larger, thus better in comparison to SPY (19%).

Volatility:

'Volatility is a statistical measure of the dispersion of returns for a given security or market index. Volatility can either be measured by using the standard deviation or variance between returns from that same security or market index. Commonly, the higher the volatility, the riskier the security. In the securities markets, volatility is often associated with big swings in either direction. For example, when the stock market rises and falls more than one percent over a sustained period of time, it is called a 'volatile' market.'

• Compared with the benchmark SPY (17.5%) in the period of the last 5 years, the 30 days standard deviation of 21.8% of Linde plc - Ordinary is higher, thus worse.
• Compared with SPY (17.5%) in the period of the last 3 years, the historical 30 days volatility of 19.7% is higher, thus worse.

DownVol:

'The downside volatility is similar to the volatility, or standard deviation, but only takes losing/negative periods into account.'

• Compared with the benchmark SPY (12.1%) in the period of the last 5 years, the downside risk of 14.7% of Linde plc - Ordinary is larger, thus worse.
• Compared with SPY (11.5%) in the period of the last 3 years, the downside volatility of 13.1% is larger, thus worse.

Sharpe:

'The Sharpe ratio is the measure of risk-adjusted return of a financial portfolio. Sharpe ratio is a measure of excess portfolio return over the risk-free rate relative to its standard deviation. Normally, the 90-day Treasury bill rate is taken as the proxy for risk-free rate. A portfolio with a higher Sharpe ratio is considered superior relative to its peers. The measure was named after William F Sharpe, a Nobel laureate and professor of finance, emeritus at Stanford University.'

• Looking at the Sharpe Ratio of 0.69 in the last 5 years of Linde plc - Ordinary, we see it is relatively smaller, thus worse in comparison to the benchmark SPY (0.78)
• Looking at ratio of return and volatility (Sharpe) in of 0.96 in the period of the last 3 years, we see it is relatively larger, thus better in comparison to SPY (0.94).

Sortino:

'The Sortino ratio improves upon the Sharpe ratio by isolating downside volatility from total volatility by dividing excess return by the downside deviation. The Sortino ratio is a variation of the Sharpe ratio that differentiates harmful volatility from total overall volatility by using the asset's standard deviation of negative asset returns, called downside deviation. The Sortino ratio takes the asset's return and subtracts the risk-free rate, and then divides that amount by the asset's downside deviation. The ratio was named after Frank A. Sortino.'

• Compared with the benchmark SPY (1.14) in the period of the last 5 years, the ratio of annual return and downside deviation of 1.02 of Linde plc - Ordinary is lower, thus worse.
• Looking at downside risk / excess return profile in of 1.45 in the period of the last 3 years, we see it is relatively greater, thus better in comparison to SPY (1.43).

Ulcer:

'The Ulcer Index is a technical indicator that measures downside risk, in terms of both the depth and duration of price declines. The index increases in value as the price moves farther away from a recent high and falls as the price rises to new highs. The indicator is usually calculated over a 14-day period, with the Ulcer Index showing the percentage drawdown a trader can expect from the high over that period. The greater the value of the Ulcer Index, the longer it takes for a stock to get back to the former high.'

• Looking at the Ulcer Ratio of 7.25 in the last 5 years of Linde plc - Ordinary, we see it is relatively lower, thus better in comparison to the benchmark SPY (8.48 )
• During the last 3 years, the Downside risk index is 5.51 , which is greater, thus worse than the value of 5.31 from the benchmark.

MaxDD:

'Maximum drawdown is defined as the peak-to-trough decline of an investment during a specific period. It is usually quoted as a percentage of the peak value. The maximum drawdown can be calculated based on absolute returns, in order to identify strategies that suffer less during market downturns, such as low-volatility strategies. However, the maximum drawdown can also be calculated based on returns relative to a benchmark index, for identifying strategies that show steady outperformance over time.'

• Looking at the maximum reduction from previous high of -22.8 days in the last 5 years of Linde plc - Ordinary, we see it is relatively greater, thus better in comparison to the benchmark SPY (-24.5 days)
• Looking at maximum DrawDown in of -15 days in the period of the last 3 years, we see it is relatively larger, thus better in comparison to SPY (-18.8 days).

MaxDuration:

'The Drawdown Duration is the length of any peak to peak period, or the time between new equity highs. The Max Drawdown Duration is the worst (the maximum/longest) amount of time an investment has seen between peaks (equity highs) in days.'

• The maximum time in days below previous high water mark over 5 years of Linde plc - Ordinary is 225 days, which is lower, thus better compared to the benchmark SPY (488 days) in the same period.
• Compared with SPY (199 days) in the period of the last 3 years, the maximum days under water of 179 days is lower, thus better.

AveDuration:

'The Drawdown Duration is the length of any peak to peak period, or the time between new equity highs. The Avg Drawdown Duration is the average amount of time an investment has seen between peaks (equity highs), or in other terms the average of time under water of all drawdowns. So in contrast to the Maximum duration it does not measure only one drawdown event but calculates the average of all.'

• Compared with the benchmark SPY (120 days) in the period of the last 5 years, the average days below previous high of 51 days of Linde plc - Ordinary is lower, thus better.
• Compared with SPY (47 days) in the period of the last 3 years, the average days under water of 44 days is lower, thus better.